{
  "authors": [
    "Francesco Bigarella",
    "Christophe Vandeplas"
  ],
  "category": "guidelines",
  "description": "attck4fraud - Principles of MITRE ATT&CK in the fraud domain",
  "name": "attck4fraud",
  "source": "Open Sources",
  "type": "financial-fraud",
  "uuid": "cc0c8ae9-aec2-42c6-9939-f4f82b051836",
  "values": [
    {
      "description": "In the context of ATT&CK for Fraud, phishing is described as the sending of fraudulent emails to a large audience in order to obtain sensitive information (PII, credentials, payment information). Phishing is never targeted to a specific individual or organisation. Phishing tries to create a sense of urgency or curiosity in order to capture the victim.",
      "meta": {
        "detection": "Email sender is spoofed; Email sender belongs to a domain recently created; Presence of typos or poor grammar in the email text; The request in the mail is unsolicited and creates urgency; No recollection of the subject or the sender of the phishing email; Request for credentials; Presence of a suspicious URL or attachment.",
        "examples": [
          "Phishing messages were sent to Amazon users posing as the Amazon customer support",
          "Fake Apple invoices were sent to Apple App Store customers in order to obtain their Apple ID credentials"
        ],
        "external_id": "FT1001",
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "mitigation": "Implementation of DKIM and SPF authentication to detected spoofed email senders; anti-phishing solutions.",
        "refs": [
          "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/2015/02/amazon-notice-ticket-number-phish-seeks-card-details/",
          "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/widespread-apple-id-phishing-attack-pretends-to-be-app-store-receipts/",
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ],
        "victim": "end customer, enterprise"
      },
      "uuid": "65d9dc34-d0eb-4b12-ab96-2e382845ab75",
      "value": "Phishing"
    },
    {
      "description": "Spear phishing is the use of targeted emails to gain the trust of the target with the goal of committing fraud. Spear phishing messages are generally specific to the target and show an understanding of the target’s organisation structure, supply chain or business.",
      "meta": {
        "detection": "Email sender is spoofed; Email sender belongs to a domain recently created; The request in the mail is unsolicited and creates urgency; No recollection of the subject or the sender of the phishing email; Request for credentials; Presence of a suspicious URL or attachment.",
        "examples": [
          "In 2013 a Lithuanian man was able to obtain the trust of Facebook and Google and gain a sum of over USD 100 million in fraudulent payments.",
          "World Anti-Doping Agency was targeted by spear phishing emails trying to obtain valid credentials"
        ],
        "external_id": "FT1002",
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "mitigation": "Implementation of DKIM and SPF authentication to detected spoofed email senders; flagging email coming from outside the enterprise (enterprise); anti-phishing solutions; awareness training (enterprise).",
        "refs": [
          "http://fortune.com/2017/04/27/facebook-google-rimasauskas/",
          "https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/russian-hackers-fancy-bear-likely-breached-olympic-drug-testing-agency-dnc-experts-say-1577508",
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ],
        "synonyms": [
          "Spear-phishing"
        ],
        "victim": "end customer, enterprise"
      },
      "uuid": "41f7cfc1-51ed-4a8d-aba9-34f9c6b8388b",
      "value": "Spear phishing"
    },
    {
      "description": "ATM Skimming refers to the act of capturing the data stored on a bank cards (tracks) and the Personal Identification Number (PIN) associated to that card. Upon obtaining the data, the criminal proceeds to encode the same information into a new card and use it in combination with the PIN to perform illicit cash withdrawals. ATM Skimming is often achieved with a combination of a skimmer device for the card and a camera to capture the PIN.",
      "meta": {
        "detection": "Anti-skimming technology: metal detection for card readers, card jitter motion. Visual evidence of tampering with the ATM; comparison to nearby ATMs of the same manufacturer and model; Presence of hidden cameras in the ATM fascia or near the PIN pad.",
        "examples": [
          "Insert skimmer",
          "Deep-insert skimmer",
          "overlay pad skimmer",
          "Green skimmer",
          "wiretapping"
        ],
        "external_id": "FT1003",
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "mitigation": "Anti-skimming technology: metal detection for card readers, card jitter motion (enterprise). Cover the numerical input pad while entering the PIN (customer); Avoid self-standing ATMs in isolated areas (customer); Chip installed on bank cards (enterprise).",
        "refs": [
          "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2015/07/spike-in-atm-skimming-in-mexico/",
          "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2011/12/pro-grade-3d-printer-made-atm-skimmer/",
          "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2017/08/dumping-data-from-deep-insert-skimmers/",
          "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/06/atm-insert-skimmers-in-action/",
          "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2014/11/skimmer-innovation-wiretapping-atms/",
          "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/09/secret-service-warns-of-periscope-skimmers/",
          "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2011/03/green-skimmers-skimming-green",
          "https://blog.dieboldnixdorf.com/have-you-asked-yourself-this-question-about-skimming/",
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ],
        "synonyms": [
          "Skimming - CPP ATM"
        ],
        "victim": "end customer, enterprise"
      },
      "uuid": "0e45e11c-9c24-49a2-b1fe-5d78a235844b",
      "value": "ATM skimming"
    },
    {
      "description": "Trap the cash dispenser with a physical component. Type 1 are visible to the user and type 2 are hidden in the cash dispenser",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://medium.com/@netsentries/beware-of-atm-cash-trapping-9421e498dfcf",
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ],
        "synonyms": [
          "Cash Trapping"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "1e709b6e-ff4a-4645-adec-42f9636d38f8",
      "value": "ATM cash trapping"
    },
    {
      "description": "ATM Shimming refers to the act of capturing a bank card data accessing the EMV chip installed on the card while presenting the card to a ATM. Due to their low profile, shimmers can be fit inside ATM card readers and are therefore more difficult to detect.",
      "meta": {
        "detection": "Inspection of motorised card slot for the presence of unrecognised devices; Visual evidence of tampering with the ATM.",
        "examples": [
          "Shimmer device found inside a Diebold Opteva 520",
          "Shimmer installed inside point-of-sale terminals at Coquitlam"
        ],
        "external_id": "FT1004",
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "mitigation": "Cover the numerical input pad while entering the PIN (customer); Avoid self-standing ATMs in isolated areas (customer); Anti-skimming technology: metal detection for card readers, card jitter motion (enterprise); verification of transaction using the codes generated by the EMV chip (enterprise).",
        "refs": [
          "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2015/08/chip-card-atm-shimmer-found-in-mexico/",
          "https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/shimmers-criminal-chip-card-reader-fraud-1.3953438",
          "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2017/01/atm-shimmers-target-chip-based-cards/",
          "https://blog.dieboldnixdorf.com/atm-security-skimming-vs-shimming/"
        ],
        "victim": "end customer, enterprise"
      },
      "uuid": "469d22c1-7a73-4034-a449-74db7f021255",
      "value": "ATM Shimming"
    },
    {
      "description": "Also known as voice phishing, is the criminal practice of using social engineering over the telephone system to gain access to private personal and financial information from the public for the purpose of financial reward. It is also employed by attackers for reconnaissance purposes to gather more detailed intelligence on a target organisation.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "308fb88c-412a-4468-91ed-468d07fe4170",
      "value": "Vishing"
    },
    {
      "description": "CPP analysis identifies the likely merchant, POS or ATM location from where card numbers were stolen so that banks can mitigate fraud on other compromised cards.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ],
        "synonyms": [
          "Skimming - CPP POS"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "c33778e5-b5cc-4d12-8e4e-a329156d988c",
      "value": "POS Skimming"
    },
    {
      "description": "Social Media Scams",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "8702106a-2ceb-4cf2-8d93-c569224f0eee",
      "value": "Social Media Scams"
    },
    {
      "description": "Software which is specifically designed to disrupt, damage, or gain authorised access to a computer system.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Target Compromise"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "6ee0f7cd-a0ef-46c5-9d80-f0fbac2a9140",
      "value": "Malware"
    },
    {
      "description": "Account-Checking Services",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Target Compromise"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "1ca518cb-77e0-4261-8fb1-a16a877bce0d",
      "value": "Account-Checking Services"
    },
    {
      "description": "Type of Jackpotting attack. Connection of an unauthorized device which sends dispense commands directly to the ATM cash dispenser in order to “cash out” the ATM.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Target Compromise"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ],
        "synonyms": [
          "Black Box Attack"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "6bec22cb-9aed-426a-bffc-b0a78db6527a",
      "value": "ATM Black Box Attack"
    },
    {
      "description": "Insider Trading",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "102e0d9e-8807-4c52-8a79-455d5e688081",
      "value": "Insider Trading"
    },
    {
      "description": "A deceptive practice in the stock or commodities markets that induces investors to make purchase or sale decisions on the basis of false information, frequently resulting in losses, in violation of securities laws.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "92f5f46f-c506-45de-9a7f-f1128e40d47c",
      "value": "Investment Fraud"
    },
    {
      "description": "Romance scam is a confidence trick involving feigning romantic intentions towards a victim, gaining their affection, and then using that goodwill to commit fraud. Fraudulent acts may involve access to the victim's money, bank accounts, credit cards, passports, e-mail accounts, or national identification numbers; or forcing the victims to commit financial fraud on their behalf.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ],
        "synonyms": [
          "Romance Fraud"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "8ac64815-52c0-4d14-a4e4-4a19b2a6057d",
      "value": "Romance Scam"
    },
    {
      "description": "Buying/Renting Fraud",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "464005e5-f608-41c9-a4fa-cfe9b8d26431",
      "value": "Buying/Renting Fraud"
    },
    {
      "description": "Cash Recovery Scam",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "97a79d67-02f4-4e1c-ac37-f835c88fe2c2",
      "value": "Cash Recovery Scam"
    },
    {
      "description": "Invoice fraud happens when a company or organisation is tricked into changing bank account payee details for a payment. Criminals pose as regular suppliers to the company or organisation and will make a formal request for bank account details to be changed or emit false invoices.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ],
        "synonyms": [
          "Invoice Fraud"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "a0f764d1-b541-4ee7-bb30-21b9a735f644",
      "value": "Fake Invoice Fraud"
    },
    {
      "description": "Business Email Compromise",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "d09cd56c-d817-4c9f-bba7-1f26b788238f",
      "value": "Business Email Compromise"
    },
    {
      "description": "Scam",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "0c8b8a09-9caa-49f6-8f96-9302e516373e",
      "value": "Scam"
    },
    {
      "description": "CxO Fraud",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "76bd07d8-67f4-4af6-9730-723aa2a5b90d",
      "value": "CxO Fraud"
    },
    {
      "description": "The loss of or theft of a card, which is subsequently used for illegal purposes until blocked by the card issuer.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Obtain Fraudulent Assets"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ],
        "synonyms": [
          "Lost/Stolen Card"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "d46e397f-8957-41f1-8736-13400b9e82fc",
      "value": "Compromised Payment Cards"
    },
    {
      "description": "Account takeover fraud is a form of identity theft in which the fraudster gets access to a victim's bank or credit card accounts -- through a data breach, malware or phishing -- and uses them to make unauthorised transaction.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Obtain Fraudulent Assets"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ],
        "synonyms": [
          "Account Takeover Fraud"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "7d71e71c-502f-412a-8fc7-584de8a9d203",
      "value": "Compromised Account Credentials"
    },
    {
      "description": "Compromised Personally Identifiable Information (PII)",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Obtain Fraudulent Assets"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "5537becf-4397-4b9f-916b-d6b776e30c2f",
      "value": "Compromised Personally Identifiable Information (PII)"
    },
    {
      "description": "Compromised Intellectual Property (IP)",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Obtain Fraudulent Assets"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "699e86ad-1188-4189-a7c6-2e2a77422af0",
      "value": "Compromised Intellectual Property (IP)"
    },
    {
      "description": "SWIFT Transaction",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Assets Transfer"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "7ea5b06e-ba99-4115-b1b6-6fc4eef7bd3b",
      "value": "SWIFT Transaction"
    },
    {
      "description": "Fund Transfer",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Assets Transfer",
          "fraud-tactics:Monetisation"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "72ffa97e-d128-4c41-b323-0297b43d8a1b",
      "value": "Fund Transfer"
    },
    {
      "description": "Cryptocurrency Exchange",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Assets Transfer"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "c76a990c-c7ac-4c96-984f-a03fc8676394",
      "value": "Cryptocurrency Exchange"
    },
    {
      "description": "ATM Jackpotting",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Monetisation"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "08a6e487-6987-4764-a6ad-a1d1f3a4d172",
      "value": "ATM Jackpotting"
    },
    {
      "description": "Money Mules",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Monetisation"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "f1243265-d50a-42fb-a83c-4696f95636e9",
      "value": "Money Mules"
    },
    {
      "description": "Prepaid Cards",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Monetisation"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "372dfb2e-5df6-4f76-8fc2-9437377ff812",
      "value": "Prepaid Cards"
    },
    {
      "description": "Resell Stolen Data",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Monetisation"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "e5a3297e-dd0d-4c2a-8133-d07ad6aadfd8",
      "value": "Resell Stolen Data"
    },
    {
      "description": "ATM Explosive Attack",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Monetisation"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "9bfd2f4f-39a7-43fe-b5cd-a345a065276d",
      "value": "ATM Explosive Attack"
    },
    {
      "description": "A card not present transaction (CNP, MO/TO, Mail Order / Telephone Order, MOTOEC) is a payment card transaction made where the cardholder does not or cannot physically present the card for a merchant's visual examination at the time that an order is given and payment effected",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "a13829f4-be4b-5ada-8be4-3515b080cf6c",
      "value": "CNP – Card Not Present"
    },
    {
      "description": "A card present transaction occurs when a cardholder physically presents a card to request and authorise a financial transaction",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "422f283a-19e0-56da-b348-98b5d31fcea6",
      "value": "CP – Card Present"
    },
    {
      "description": "Fraud that occurs when a merchant account is used without the intention of operating a legitimate business transaction.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "ccd0dcc5-5f86-52fb-8e72-7aa6e8f55f8a",
      "value": "Merchant Fraud"
    },
    {
      "description": "Fraud that involves virtual currency, or virtual money, which is a type of unregulated, digital money, issued and usually controlled by its developers and used and accepted among the members of a specific virtual community.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Monetisation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "69273dd2-cc8d-5a83-9544-1b6f6a8f8a53",
      "value": "Virtual Currency Fraud"
    },
    {
      "description": "A category of criminal acts that involve making the unlawful use of cheques in order to illegally acquire or borrow funds that do not exist within the account balance or account-holder's legal ownership. Most methods involve taking advantage the time between the negotiation of the cheque and its clearance at the cheque writer's financial institution to draw out these funds.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Monetisation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "b70d490e-7eef-5219-ab93-4ea085bf9361",
      "value": "Cheque Fraud"
    },
    {
      "description": "Fraud perpetrated via omni- channel means to digital banking or payments channels such as home banking or other electronic services.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "39de6438-4c1f-5bdc-b9a8-5cc3e889eaaf",
      "value": "Digital Fraud"
    },
    {
      "description": "Fraud perpetrated via mobile devices to digital banking, payments channels such as home banking or other electronic services, or online merchants",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "147b0d04-933c-5244-8c67-33914426d47b",
      "value": "Mobile Fraud"
    },
    {
      "description": "Fraud perpetrated via land line telephone means to banking or payments channels such as home banking or other electronic services or merchants",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "5e28b366-d9f0-5079-b796-3fa424ec365a",
      "value": "Telephone Fraud"
    },
    {
      "description": "Fraud occurs when a standing order is falsely created or adulterated. A standing order is an automated method of making payments, where a person or business instructs their bank to pay another person or business, a fixed amount of money at regular intervals. Fraud occurs when a standing order is falsely created or adulterated.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Assets Transfer"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "86e2f55d-cf76-5be8-9cf3-7bfa24d0ea2a",
      "value": "Standing Order Fraud"
    },
    {
      "description": "A scam in which cybercriminals spoof company email accounts and impersonate executives to try and fool an employee in accounting or HR into executing unauthorized wire transfers, or sending out confidential information",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "55a413e3-5eba-5eac-a36b-575bdb2e7cd7",
      "value": "CEO/BEC Fraud"
    },
    {
      "description": "An illegal process of concealing the origins of money obtained illegally by passing it through a complex sequence of banking transfers or commercial transactions. The overall scheme of this process returns the money to the launderer in an obscure and indirect way.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Monetisation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "d0492296-9ba7-59ad-a510-f8a0526c114a",
      "value": "Money laundering"
    },
    {
      "description": "Credit cards are produced in BIN ranges. Where an issuer does not use random generation of the card number, it is possible for an attacker to obtain one good card number and generate valid card numbers",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "37ff3b85-80f5-5380-8ce0-defee3ba819f",
      "value": "BIN Attack"
    },
    {
      "description": "In computing, a denial-of-service attack is a cyber-attack in which the perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services of a host connected to the Internet",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "7ca098c2-9f6e-56be-8b32-7f36833803ee",
      "value": "DoS - Denial of Service Attack"
    },
    {
      "description": "In cryptography and computer security, a man-in-the-middle attack (MITM) is an attack where the attacker secretly relays and possibly alters the communication between two parties who believe they are directly communicating with each other",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "bcd23dee-c9da-548d-9d74-2ed7d71133be",
      "value": "MITM - Man-in-the-Middle Attack"
    },
    {
      "description": "Unauthorized physical manipulation of ATM cash withdrawal. Appears that cash has not been dispensed – a reversal message generated – SEE FULL TERMINAL FRAUD DEFINITION",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Target Compromise"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "2ac0d577-7de1-5cbd-bf8a-30b79cd7f6cc",
      "value": "Transaction Reversal Fraud"
    },
    {
      "description": "The data contained in an authorisation message is manipulated to try to fool the payment processor.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Target Compromise"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "fb5b4715-5e6b-5134-a99a-b154b8f2cb84",
      "value": "Transaction Message Adulteration"
    },
    {
      "description": "Fraud committed against a financial institution by one of its own customers",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Obtain Fraudulent Assets"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "09ac2614-d332-51b4-b7b0-ce3f9a74539b",
      "value": "First Party (Friendly) Fraud"
    },
    {
      "description": "Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials. Alternatively, an adversary may intercept a message from a legitimate sender and attempt to make it look like the message comes from them without changing its content. The latter form of this attack can be used to hijack credentials from legitimate users. Identity Spoofing attacks need not be limited to transmitted messages - any resource that is associated with an identity (for example, a file with a signature) can be the target of an attack where the adversary attempts to change the apparent identity",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Obtain Fraudulent Assets"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "b105c344-448c-5d70-bb64-31f0f1246389",
      "value": "Identity Spoofing (or entity hacking)"
    },
    {
      "description": "A form of fraud in which victims are manipulated into making real-time payments to fraudsters, typically by social engineering attacks involving impersonation.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Assets Transfer"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "b36f88c8-3682-5cac-b89d-33f64f91fc94",
      "value": "Authorised Push Payment Fraud"
    },
    {
      "description": "Direct debit fraud can take place in several ways.  It is often associated with identity theft, where the scammer gains access to the bank account information by posing as the victim. They can pay for services and products via a direct debit option and use this account until its owner notices.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Assets Transfer"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "def44822-3b24-5612-b6a2-da77f84fb5d9",
      "value": "Direct Debit Fraud"
    },
    {
      "description": "Obtaining benefit through coercion",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Perform Fraud"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "e376947a-2e73-5c81-b8d5-7ac8a3ecc7a1",
      "value": "Extortion"
    },
    {
      "description": "Also known as \"SMS Phishing\", is a form of criminal activity using social engineering techniques. SMS phishing uses cell phone text messages to deliver information and/or requests to induce people to divulge or to take action that will compromise their personal or confidential information.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "7607cd1c-c237-55c8-8dc6-d552ca28b86f",
      "value": "Smishing"
    },
    {
      "description": "Technique used to obtain information such as personal identification numbers (PINs), passwords and other confidential data by looking over the victim's shoulder",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "7304230c-a2ba-5f85-915b-21ef2df62c0a",
      "value": "Shoulder Surfing"
    },
    {
      "description": "The process of diverting the attention of an individual or group from a desired area of focus and thereby blocking or diminishing the reception of desired information.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "cd4a2731-b691-5c91-a608-cf6c431be0ba",
      "value": "Distraction"
    },
    {
      "description": "Authorised push payment fraud happens when fraudsters deceive consumers or individuals at a business to send them a payment under false pretences to a bank account controlled by the fraudster. As payments made using real-time payment schemes are irrevocable, the victims cannot reverse a payment once they realise they have been conned.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "056a1cf1-0c75-59cc-9d73-f3b5b70ab77e",
      "value": "Push Payments"
    },
    {
      "description": "Unauthorised software, or authorises software run in an unauthorized manner on ATM PC - SEE FULL TERMINAL FRAUD DEFINITION",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "956593f4-ff08-523f-995a-6b8c56c101be",
      "value": "ATM Malware"
    },
    {
      "description": "A data breach is a security incident in which sensitive, protected or confidential data is copied, transmitted, viewed, stolen or used from a PC or Computer Network by an entity unauthorised to do so.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "65c6719e-9daf-578a-8d86-0f65b3054e75",
      "value": "Data Breach"
    },
    {
      "description": "A type of malicious software designed to block access to a computer system until a sum of money is paid",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "73e1bbdc-1b73-5b84-9f6c-6d13c491bb47",
      "value": "Ransomware"
    },
    {
      "description": "A website that is not a legitimate venue, the site is designed to entice the visitor into revealing sensitive information, to download some form of malware or to purchase products that never arrive",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "d86ff26f-b9c3-5668-8eef-7a178b6fe158",
      "value": "Fake Website"
    },
    {
      "description": "Apps in mobile devices that trick users into downloading them. They may also pose as quirky and attractive apps, providing interesting services. Once installed on a mobile device, fake apps can perform a variety of malicious routines.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "8dba8e97-7af4-5e76-8dde-3be54c9e8a6c",
      "value": "Fake App"
    },
    {
      "description": "Cyber criminals introduce skimming code on e-commerce payment card processing web pages to capture credit card and personally identifiable information and send the stolen data to a domain under their control.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "7f5886b8-06a2-51cc-8428-5cb67615e3b2",
      "value": "e-Skimming"
    },
    {
      "description": "CPP analysis identifies Payment Terminal parking, transport, fuel, etc. locations, from where card numbers were stolen so that banks can mitigate fraud on other compromised cards.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "e89436a5-1b58-5676-a34d-d654c59a7d32",
      "value": "Skimming - CPP UPT"
    },
    {
      "description": "Same as e-Skimming",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "80165f05-1c1d-5f41-96b6-464ac065b052",
      "value": "Skimming - CPP Virtual Terminal"
    },
    {
      "description": "Unauthorized physical ATM manipulation, preventing card from being returned to customer - SEE FULL TERMINAL FRAUD DEFINITION",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Initiation"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "493b35ed-9415-5de5-a5cb-298f169cc4f4",
      "value": "Card Trapping"
    },
    {
      "description": "Patch management is the best practice of upgrading existing software applications to remove any weak security patches that could be exploited by hackers. Lack of proper patching allows cyber criminals to exploit systems and networks.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Due Diligence"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "0e7a4057-d84b-5451-9006-5a5efe9e948a",
      "value": "Lack of Patching / Security"
    },
    {
      "description": "Process where an information system is deployed into a Production Environed with faults, errors or vulnerabilities",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Due Diligence"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "b132c566-7656-5b2b-b157-5734c9e30cc8",
      "value": "Bad implementation"
    },
    {
      "description": "Implementation of a system, solution or service not according to defined and tested best practices.",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Due Diligence"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "dd09e952-7992-5a37-a9c4-ed978d89a939",
      "value": "Deployment Error"
    },
    {
      "description": "Merchants not following best practice procedures to avoid criminal or fraudulent activity,",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Due Diligence"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "39a06139-ece8-5d8c-947e-cf0b4dbdccf6",
      "value": "Merchant Negligence"
    },
    {
      "description": "Implementation of a sstem, solution or service not according to defined and tested standards",
      "meta": {
        "kill_chain": [
          "fraud-tactics:Due Diligence"
        ],
        "refs": [
          "https://www.association-secure-transactions.eu/industry-information/fraud-definitions/"
        ]
      },
      "uuid": "a52f8c2e-4a38-5b1b-a4b0-4710606cd86f",
      "value": "Implementation not according to Standards"
    }
  ],
  "version": 6
}
